Christopher, M., Thomas, J., & Tallent-Runnells, M. (2010). Raising the bar: Encouraging higher-level thinking in online discussion forums. Roeper Review, 26(3), 166-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190409554262

Compares the experiences of students interacting in online discussion forums and the more time‐constrained interactions students would experience in courses held on campus.​

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Clarke, L., & Bartholomew, A. (2014). Digging Beneath the Surface: Analyzing the Complexity of Instructors’ Participation in Asynchronous Discussion. Online Learning: Official Journal of The Online Learning Consortium, 18(3). Retrieved from

https://olj.onlinelearningconsortium.org/index.php/olj/article/view/414

Analyzes the impacts of instructor participation in asynchronous discussions.

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Dallimore, E., Hertenstein, J., & Platt, M. (2010).  Classroom participation and discussion effectiveness: Student-generated strategies. Journal of Communication Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/0363452032000135805

Explores techniques faculty can use to increase participation in discussions.

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Dockter, J. (2016). The Problem of Teaching Presence in Transactional Theories of Distance Education. Computers and Composition, 40, 73–86.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2016.03.009

Link to pdf: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ze6yRD5dC4x96jgYj2xVIhmnbQ4v5gJZ/view?usp=sharing

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Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education model. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105.

Presentation of foundational research on the elements of the Community of Inquiry framework.

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Hosler, K., & Arend, B. (2012). The importance of course design, feedback, and facilitation: student perceptions of the relationship between teaching presence and cognitive presence. Educational Medial International, 49(3).

https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2012.738014

Investigates student perceptions of elements of cognitive and teaching presence in both online and face-to-face classes.​

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Richardson, J. C., Besser, E., Koehler, A., Lim, J., & Strait, M. (2016). Instructors’ Perceptions of Instructor Presence in Online Learning Environments. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(4).

https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i4.2330

Considers online faculty perceptions of instructor presence.

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Shea, P., Pickett, A., & Pelz, W. (2003). A follow-up investigation of "teaching presence" in the SUNY learning network. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(2), 61-80. 

https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v7i2.1856

Examines components of teaching presence that comprise productive online interactions amongst students and between faculty and students.​

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Sheridan, K., & Kelly, M.A. (2010). The Indicators of Instructor Presence that are Important to Students in Online Courses. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 767–779.

Link to pdf: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uoioamJPfZ9ltSzRRk2Et-ouGVmAM3Ei/view?usp=sharing